Scientists have identified and named over a million animal species, with millions more waiting to be discovered across the globe. But which continent reigns supreme in terms of animal diversity? For centuries, scientists have been meticulously cataloging and mapping species distribution. Before the digital age, museum collections were the primary source of information. However, the rise of citizen science has revolutionized this effort, with individuals contributing valuable data to fill in the gaps. This wealth of information allows scientists to create comprehensive maps of species distribution worldwide.
In the late 1980s, scientist Norman Myers coined the term “biodiversity hotspots” to denote areas with an exceptionally high concentration of species relative to their surface area. Most of these hotspots are located in continents straddling the equator, where warm and humid climates prevail. This isn’t just about animals; plants play a crucial role. Plants are the foundation of any ecosystem, and a greater diversity of plant life creates more opportunities for other organisms to flourish.
Warm, humid environments provide ideal conditions for plant growth. The combination of warmth and humidity ensures essential moisture, with warm air trapping water molecules to create humidity. These conditions also favor microorganisms, particularly decomposers, which break down dead material, providing nutrients for plants. Furthermore, insects, essential pollinators for flowering plants, thrive in warmer climates as they cannot regulate their body temperature. A higher insect population in the tropics translates to more pollination for plants, which in turn supports a larger population of predators.
However, climate alone is not enough. To harbor a vast array of species, a continent must offer a diverse range of habitats. Areas with high biodiversity provide numerous niches for animals to occupy, reducing competition for resources and habitat. For example, tall trees and high mountains create vertical variations in temperature, sun exposure, and terrain, allowing a greater variety of creatures to coexist.
Considering these factors and leveraging data from museums and citizen science initiatives, most scientists agree that South America holds the highest number of animal species. From the Amazon rainforest, with its four distinct tree layers, to the Andes mountains, boasting numerous microclimates, South America possesses the perfect blend of heat and geographic diversity. This unique combination fosters an unparalleled level of biodiversity.
However, this vibrant ecosystem is facing unprecedented threats. Deforestation, mercury mining, and agriculture are pushing South America’s animals to the brink. Despite these challenges, there is still an opportunity to mitigate the damage. While some species loss is inevitable, every effort to reduce human impact can make a significant difference in preserving this remarkable biodiversity.
