Europe, despite relying less on air conditioning than many other parts of the world, has seen a steady increase in its use as temperatures rise due to climate change. The number of air conditioning (AC) units in Europe has more than doubled since 1990, with the need for cooling buildings quadrupling, especially in the northern regions. While Europe still has significantly fewer AC units than countries like China or the United States, the International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts a dramatic rise in installations, with estimates suggesting a quadrupling of units by 2050. The trend is particularly noticeable in the domestic market, as air conditioning becomes increasingly affordable and accessible. However, this surge in AC use comes at a significant environmental cost. Air conditioning contributes to higher energy consumption, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions and further exacerbating the climate crisis. The IEA reports that air conditioning is currently responsible for emitting around one billion tonnes of CO2 per year, adding to the global total of 37 billion tonnes. Beyond energy consumption, air conditioning systems also contribute to the urban heat island effect. By expelling heat into urban areas, these systems intensify heat retention, particularly at night. Research in Paris, for example, has shown that widespread air conditioning use during a heatwave could lead to a 2.4°C increase in street temperatures at night. This cycle of increased heat leading to greater air conditioning use creates a vicious feedback loop. Despite the negative consequences, experts acknowledge the benefits of air conditioning in certain contexts, particularly for vulnerable populations. Access to air conditioning can save lives during heatwaves, as studies demonstrate a significant reduction in heatstroke-related deaths in households with AC. The solution, therefore, lies not in eliminating air conditioning entirely but in adopting more sustainable practices. Experts advocate for promoting energy-efficient AC systems, prioritizing building insulation, and incorporating nature-based solutions such as green spaces and green roofs. These measures can help to mitigate the impact of air conditioning while creating more resilient and sustainable cities. As Europe navigates the complexities of climate change, finding a balance between the comfort provided by air conditioning and its environmental impact will be crucial. By embracing sustainable solutions and prioritizing energy efficiency, Europe can strive to cool its cities and protect its climate for future generations.
Air Conditioning: A Double-Edged Sword in Europe’s Warming Climate
