For centuries, our understanding of past societies relied primarily on physical artifacts like pottery and burial sites, along with written texts. However, the emergence of ancient DNA analysis is revolutionizing our knowledge of human history, including our understanding of enigmatic societies such as the Avars.
The Avars, a nomadic people originating from eastern central Asia, ruled over much of southeastern Central Europe from the 6th to the 9th century CE. While their distinctive belt garnitures have left an archaeological mark, their legacy has been overshadowed by previous civilizations. However, Avar burial sites offer valuable insights into their customs and way of life.
Utilizing the innovative technique of archaeogenetics, researchers analyzed the genetics of hundreds of individuals buried in the Carpathian Basin over a thousand years ago. This extensive study, combining ancient DNA data with archaeological, anthropological, and historical context, has enabled scientists to reconstruct extensive pedigrees, revealing intricate kinship patterns, social practices, and population dynamics.
The results demonstrate a sophisticated social framework within Avar society. Patrilineal descent, with men typically remaining within their paternal community after marriage, played a crucial role in preserving lineage continuity. In contrast, women fostered social connections through female exogamy, marrying outside their family’s community. Notably, instances of levirate unions, where closely related male individuals had offspring with the same female partner, were also identified.
Despite these practices, the researchers found no evidence of pairings between genetically related individuals, suggesting that Avar societies meticulously maintained an ancestral memory. This finding aligns with evidence from other steppe societies.
Additionally, the study revealed a transition in the main line of descent within one of the analyzed cemeteries, accompanied by archaeological and dietary shifts potentially linked to political changes in the region. This significant transition is not discernible from higher-level genetic studies, highlighting the utility of detailed genetic analysis in revealing subtle but impactful changes within communities.
The research, part of a larger project funded by the European Research Council, underscores the transformative power of ancient DNA in examining entire communities. The researchers plan to expand their investigation to a wider geographical area within the Avar realm, aiming to uncover the origins of women who married into the communities studied and shed light on connections between different groups.
Future research avenues include studying evidence of pathogens and disease to gain insights into the health and living conditions of the Avars. Additionally, the researchers are refining the dating of Avar sites using radiocarbon analysis to establish a more precise timeline, aiding in identifying significant cultural changes and interactions with neighboring societies.
