Cervical cancer, a disease affecting the lower part of the uterus, is a major global health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 604,000 new cases and 242,000 deaths occur annually, with the majority occurring in low and middle-income countries. This disparity is largely attributed to limited access to vaccination, screening, and treatment.
In India, cervical cancer is the most prevalent cancer affecting the female reproductive system. The primary cause of cervical cancer is a persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus. While most sexually active women experience HPV infection at some point, their immune systems usually clear it. However, in approximately 10% of cases, the infection persists, potentially leading to cervical cancer development. This progression takes an average of 15-20 years, gradually evolving through precancerous stages.
Recognizing the Warning Signs:
Women should consult their doctor if they experience any of the following symptoms:
* Unusual bleeding between periods, after menopause, or after sexual intercourse.
* Excessive vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor.
* Unexplained pain in the back, legs, or pelvic region.
* Vaginal discomfort.
* Weight loss.
* Fatigue.
* Loss of appetite.
* Swelling in the legs.
Preventing Cervical Cancer:
Several preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer:
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HPV Vaccination:
Vaccination against HPV is highly effective in preventing infection and subsequent cervical cancer. It is recommended for girls aged 9-14 years, ideally before sexual activity. Two doses are typically sufficient, but three doses are recommended for teens and young adults initiating vaccination between ages 15 and 26, as well as for immunocompromised individuals. Vaccination is generally not recommended for individuals over 26 years old.*
Regular Screening:
All sexually active women should undergo regular cervical cancer screening to detect precancerous lesions. Screening tests include:*
Pap smear:
A test that collects cells from the cervix for microscopic examination.*
VIA (Visual inspection with acetic acid):
A visual examination of the cervix after applying acetic acid, which highlights abnormal areas.*
HPV testing:
Detects the presence of high-risk HPV types.Screening should begin at age 30 and continue every 5 years until age 65. Women with abnormal screening results should consult their doctor for follow-up assessments every 6 months to a year.
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Lifestyle Modifications:
Other measures to prevent HPV infection include:*
Safe sex practices:
Using barrier contraceptives like condoms during sexual activity.*
Avoiding smoking:
Smoking increases the risk of HPV infection and cervical cancer.*
Voluntary male circumcision:
Circumcision has been linked to a reduced risk of HPV infection in women.Treatment Options:
Treatment for cervical cancer depends on the stage of the disease. Pre-invasive cancerous lesions can often be effectively treated with minimally invasive procedures such as:
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Thermal ablation:
Using heat to destroy abnormal cells.*
Cryotherapy:
Freezing abnormal cells.*
Laser ablation:
Burning abnormal cells.*
LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure):
Removing abnormal tissue with a heated wire loop.*
Cone biopsy:
Removing a cone-shaped section of tissue from the cervix.For invasive cervical cancer, the following treatment options are available:
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Surgery:
Removal of the cervix and uterus (radical hysterectomy) is often performed in early stages.*
Radiation therapy:
Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.*
Systemic therapy:
Using medications to target cancer cells throughout the body. These medications can include chemotherapy or targeted therapies.The most appropriate treatment approach is determined based on factors such as the patient’s age, overall health, cancer stage, and other individual circumstances.
Importance of Early Detection:
Early detection of cervical cancer significantly improves treatment outcomes and increases the chances of a complete cure. Regular screening and prompt medical attention upon experiencing any unusual symptoms are crucial. Remember, cervical cancer is preventable and treatable, especially when detected early. “Yaad Rakehin aur Screen Karein” (Remember and Get Screened) is a powerful message urging women to prioritize their health and take proactive steps towards preventing this disease.
