Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication, affecting between 1-30% of pregnant women. It arises from impaired beta cell function and insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. GDM poses risks to both mother and fetus, including macrosomia, stillbirth, and metabolic abnormalities.
Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is an effective and preferred treatment for GDM, involving nutritional counseling and dietary modifications. MNT aims to maintain healthy blood sugar levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. There are no international guidelines for energy intake, but general recommendations include a total intake of 1,800 kcal/day, which can be increased as needed in later trimesters. Carbohydrate intake should contribute to 35-55% of total energy, with a focus on low-glycemic index (GI) diets. Protein intake should be moderate, and plant protein is preferable to animal protein. Fat intake should comprise 30-40% of total energy, with an emphasis on plant fats over saturated fats.
Essential nutrients like folate, vitamin B12, vitamin D, and iodine are crucial for a healthy pregnancy and may impact GDM risk. Folate and B12 must be supplemented simultaneously, and adequate iodine levels are necessary for thyroid hormone production. Vitamin D supplementation has been linked to a reduced risk of GDM.
MNT in combination with physical exercise can effectively manage GDM. Despite the availability of dietary guidelines, there is a lack of specific food recommendations for GDM management. Future studies are needed to develop individualized protocols and explore the potential of novel foods in supporting GDM management.
