Guam’s coral reefs are a vital part of the island’s ecosystem, offering essential protection to its coastline and supporting both the local culture and economy. These underwater wonders act as natural barriers, effectively reducing the impact of storm surges, coastal erosion, and high waves during events like tsunamis, tropical storms, and typhoons. The presence of these reefs significantly lessens wave heights, which would otherwise reach between four to 12 meters, reducing them to between two and six meters. This reduction in wave energy translates to significant economic benefits, saving up to $8 million annually in potential damages to coastal structures, including hotels and businesses.
Beyond their protective role, coral reefs are a cornerstone of the island’s fishing industry, deeply interwoven with the cultural heritage and sustenance of the CHamoru people and immigrant communities. Fishing remains a central activity, often providing fish for special events like weddings, funerals, and fiestas. Surveys reveal that 65% of local fishermen engage in fishing for enjoyment and cultural identity, while 18% primarily fish to provide food for their families.
Tourism plays a pivotal role in Guam’s economy, accounting for over 50% of the island’s revenue and generating more than $1.5 billion annually. One in three jobs on the island is directly linked to the tourism sector. In 2016, Guam welcomed over 1.5 million visitors, drawn by the island’s stunning beaches, coral reefs, and outdoor activities. Marine-based activities like snorkeling, scuba diving, and jet skiing are significant contributors to the tourism industry, generating 28% of tourist revenue.
While tourism brings economic prosperity, it can also have detrimental effects on the delicate coral reefs. Snorkelers and scuba divers, especially beginners, often unintentionally damage reefs through actions like fin strikes, grabbing, and standing on corals. With approximately 300,000 dives recorded annually in Guam, and two-thirds of these dives undertaken by tourists, the pressure on the reefs is considerable. Inexperienced divers and snorkelers, sometimes guided by instructors who encourage contact with corals for photo opportunities, often inflict unintentional damage. This not only physically harms the coral but also makes them more susceptible to diseases.
Seagrass beds, essential nurseries for numerous fish species, are also vulnerable to tourism-related activities. Divers and snorkelers walking on these beds can uproot and break the seagrass, resulting in long-term ecological impacts, such as reduced fish abundance and diversity.
The indirect effects of tourism on coral reefs are equally concerning. Activities like kicking up sediment, feeding fish, and using toxic sunscreens can all contribute to reef degradation. Sediment stirred up by tourists can smother corals and block essential sunlight, hindering coral growth and reproduction. Fish feeding disrupts the natural behavior of reef fish, potentially leading to ecological imbalances, such as algal overgrowth. Sunscreen pollution, another indirect impact, affects nearly 10% of coral reefs globally, increasing the risk of viral infections, killing coral larvae, and exacerbating coral bleaching.
Efforts to minimize the negative effects of tourism on Guam’s reefs involve engaging the tourism industry in sustainable coral reef management and implementing fees for activities like snorkeling and diving, which would fund reef protection efforts. Educating tourists, especially snorkelers and divers, is crucial. Dive shops can play a key role by providing pre-dive briefings on reef-friendly practices, and dive guides can lead by example and correct harmful behaviors underwater.
Tourists themselves can take steps to reduce their impact on coral reefs. Using reef-safe sunscreen, wearing sun-protective clothing, and being mindful of where they walk while in the water can help protect these vital ecosystems. Practicing diving and snorkeling skills before venturing out to coral-rich areas can also minimize accidental damage.
Tourism undoubtedly has an impact on Guam’s coral reefs, but with responsible management, increased awareness, and conscious actions, these effects can be mitigated, ensuring that the reefs continue to thrive and protect the island for generations to come.
