In a recent development that underscores the ongoing tensions between India and Pakistan, India has formally requested a review of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT). This treaty, signed in 1960 with the facilitation of the World Bank, governs the sharing of water resources from six rivers that flow through both countries.
On August 30, India served a notice to Pakistan, seeking a review of the IWT, citing “fundamental and unforeseen” changes. These changes, according to sources within the Indian government, relate to population demographics, environmental concerns, and the need to accelerate clean energy development to meet India’s emission targets. Additionally, the persistent issue of cross-border terrorism has been cited as a factor contributing to the review request.
Pakistan has responded by urging India to honor the treaty’s provisions and has highlighted the existing mechanism of Indus Water Commissioners for discussing any concerns. Pakistan’s Foreign Office Spokesperson, Mumtaz Zahra Baloch, emphasized that any measures taken to address issues related to the treaty should be within the framework of the agreement.
This latest development follows a similar notice sent by India to Pakistan in January 2023, seeking a review of the treaty. The current request for review also appears to be linked to India’s dissatisfaction with the World Bank’s handling of a long-standing dispute over two hydroelectric projects – the Kishanganga and Ratle projects.
To resolve this dispute, the World Bank appointed a neutral expert and a chair of the Court of Arbitration. However, India has objected to this process, arguing that it violates the provision of the three-step graded mechanism prescribed in the IWT. India has therefore sought government-to-government negotiations with Pakistan through the August 30 notice, aiming to review the treaty under Article XII (3).
The Indus Water Treaty has been a cornerstone of cooperation between India and Pakistan, a testament to the enduring power of diplomacy in a region often fraught with tensions. This latest review request, however, raises concerns about the future of this vital agreement and underscores the complexities of water management in a region marked by political instability. The outcome of this review process and the subsequent negotiations will have significant implications for the water resources of both India and Pakistan and the broader relationship between the two nations.
