While a recent outbreak of locally transmitted malaria cases in the United States served as a reminder of the potential for climate change to revive or migrate disease threats, malaria has remained a constant presence across the African continent, claiming millions of lives. The plight of Funmilayo Kotun, a resident of the informal Makoko neighborhood in Lagos, Nigeria, exemplifies the challenges faced by those living in areas where stagnant water and poor sanitation create ideal breeding grounds for malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Kotun lacks access to essential preventive measures such as insecticide-treated bed nets and antimalarial medications due to financial constraints.
Globally, malaria cases have been on the rise, increasing from 233 million in 2019 to 249 million in 85 countries in 2022, resulting in an increase in malaria deaths from 576,000 to 608,000 during the same period. While vaccine development is ongoing, with Cameroon becoming the first country to routinely administer a malaria vaccine, its efficacy remains limited and does not prevent transmission. Additionally, resistance to antimalarial drugs and insecticides is increasing, while funding for innovation in these areas is declining.
The COVID-19 pandemic further hindered progress against malaria, disrupting healthcare services and diverting resources. A study published in Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease highlighted the impact of COVID-19-induced lockdowns, leading to disruptions at 30% of rural community health service points in Africa, resulting in a resurgence of malaria cases.
Climate change poses a significant threat to malaria control efforts in Africa, as it exacerbates extreme weather events and allows mosquitoes to thrive in previously inhospitable areas. The WHO’s 2023 World Malaria Report emphasizes the link between malaria and climate change, highlighting the potential for increased transmission in regions such as the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro and the mountains of eastern Ethiopia. In Zimbabwe, rising temperatures have led to extended malaria transmission periods in some districts, further straining healthcare systems.
Despite these challenges, the WHO remains optimistic that the downward trend in malaria cases observed between 2000 and 2019 can be restored. Continued efforts to strengthen healthcare systems, promote preventive measures, and develop new tools are essential to combat malaria and improve the health and well-being of millions of people in Africa.
