According to the European State of the Climate (ESOTC) report, Europe is warming up at twice the global average, with temperatures rising 2.3 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels compared to 1.3 degrees Celsius globally. This warming trend is leading to deadly heatwaves, severe flooding, and other extreme weather events. In 2023, which was the second warmest year on record for Europe, parts of southern Europe experienced extreme heat stress, while northern Europe faced extended periods of extreme cold stress.