Genetic studies reveal unique adaptations and diseases in several isolated human populations. Founder effects, resulting from small founding groups, have increased the prevalence of certain genetic disorders in groups such as the Amish, Parsis, and Ashkenazi Jews. Conversely, some isolated groups, like the Sherpa and Nunavik Inuit, demonstrate remarkable adaptations to extreme environments. These diverse populations provide valuable insights into human genetics and the impact of isolation.