The Roman Republic, established in 509 BC, was characterized by a division of power between the magistrates, the Senate, and the assemblies of the people. This system aimed to prevent the rise of any autocratic rulers. After centuries of expansion and conquest, conquering territories such as central Italy, Greece, and Hispania, the Republic faced internal struggles due to growing social inequalities. The rise of powerful generals like Marius, Sylla, and Caesar led to a centralization of power and the eventual collapse of the Republic in 48 BC, with Caesar becoming dictator for life.