Tawaifs: A Complex History and Legacy in Indian Culture
Tawaifs, a term synonymous with dance-girls, have left an indelible mark on Indian history and society. Beyond their captivating performances, they were multifaceted individuals who managed their own establishments, cultivated traditional arts, and wielded significant influence in royal courts.
The origins of tawaifs can be traced back to the mythological era, where celestial dancers known as apsaras captivated audiences with their performances. In ancient times, the nartaki or dancer held a revered position, performing in temples and royal courts. They were not only associated with entertainment but also with spiritual rituals.
During the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal periods, tawaifs continued to enjoy an elite status. They were patrons of the arts and had high social standing. Nawabs and courtiers sent their wards to tawaifs for training in etiquette and refinement.
In addition to their artistic contributions, tawaifs also played a role in shaping political decisions. They were influential figures in the courts of the Mughals and nawabs, and several prominent decisions were made under their influence.
Tawaifs were also well-versed in language and literature. Luminaries of Hindi literature, such as Bhartendu Harishchandra, engaged in literary discussions with Husna Bai, a renowned tawaif. Great writers like Premchand and Amritlal Nagar were inspired by these women and penned masterpieces that explored their lives and experiences.
Tawaifs are credited with elevating kathak to classical heights. Influenced by Persian traditions brought by the Mughals, native dancers adopted and refined these styles, creating the captivating dance form of kathak. Originally used by Brahmin story-tellers to add dramatic flair to their tales, kathak evolved under the patronage of tawaifs.
The decline of the tawaif tradition began with the arrival of the East India Company. The distinction between tawaifs and sex workers blurred, leading to discriminatory legislation that targeted both groups. Tawaifs also faced changes in property inheritance laws, as British regulations categorized them under Hindu or Muslim religious laws.
Social reform movements further stigmatized the tawaif profession. Organizations like the Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj condemned it, and Gandhiji urged tawaifs to abandon their profession. These prejudices eroded the once-high status of tawaifs.
Despite the challenges they faced, tawaifs remained steadfast in their support for the Indian freedom struggle. Many took up arms and fought in the 1857 uprising. Begum Hazrat Mahal, a renowned tawaif, led a fierce resistance against the British to avenge the injustice done to her husband, Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh.
The legacy of tawaifs is a complex and multifaceted one. They were not merely entertainers but also influential figures in society, contributing to the arts, literature, and even politics. Their contributions to the Indian freedom struggle should not be forgotten, and their history serves as a reminder of the diverse and often hidden roles women have played throughout history.
