Scientists have identified a new mechanism that could explain how the once water-rich world of Venus became completely parched. This newly identified process, linked to a previously overlooked molecule high in Venus’ atmosphere, allowed water to escape Venus at double the rate previously estimated.
As faster water loss means less time is needed to boil away the planet’s water reservoir, scientists say Venus may have harbored oceans — and potentially habitable conditions — for longer than previously thought before the drying process began.
“This would provide more time for life to arise,” study co-author Mike Chaffin, a research scientist at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) in Colorado, wrote in a statement. “Our results don’t mean oceans or life were definitely present, though — answering that question will require lots more science over many years.”
Prior studies suggest that both Venus and Earth likely received similar amounts of water early in their history, mostly from water vapor-spewing volcanoes and icy comets that frequently bombarded the worlds. Estimates suggest Venus once had enough moisture to cover its surface in about 1.8 miles (3 kilometers) of water.
However, Venus receives far more sunlight than Earth, and previous research revealed this sunlight likely boiled away the planet’s water reservoir by breaking atmospheric water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Once free, the lightweight hydrogen escaped into space via a process known as hydrodynamic escape, leaving Venus without one of the two ingredients needed to form water.
The hydrodynamic escape process explains how most of Venus’ water evaporated from its atmosphere, likely within the first billion years of the planet’s history. However, it doesn’t account for the last 330 feet (100 meters) worth of water that was likely left behind once the hydrodynamic escape process stopped, soon after most hydrogen atoms exited Venus, the researchers of the new study said.
“As an analogy, say I dumped out the water in my water bottle. There would still be a few droplets left,” study lead author Colin Wilson, a research scientist at LASP, said in a statement.
The remaining water can’t have escaped from Venus the same way, but it must have been removed from the atmosphere relatively quickly to explain the hot, dry world we know today.
In the new study, the researchers suggested the remnant water was removed via a new mechanism known as HCO+ dissociative recombination (nicknamed DR). In this process, positively charged hydrogen, carbon and oxygen atoms combine with negatively charged electrons to produce carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen as a byproduct, after which the hydrogen escapes into space. Because water is the original source of the hydrogen reservoir on Venus, this process “effectively dries out the planet,” the researchers said.
Computer models of reactions in Venus’ upper atmosphere show this mechanism closes the gap between the expected and observed water loss, according to the study, published Monday (May 6) in the journal Nature Astronomy.
“One of the surprising conclusions of this work is that HCO+ should actually be among the most abundant ions in the Venus atmosphere,” Chaffin said in the statement.
However, scientists have never observed this molecule on Venus. Past missions to Venus weren’t designed to detect it, but they did measure individual reactants that produce HCO+ in the atmosphere. None of the three upcoming missions to Venus are designed to detect the molecule either. NASA’s VERITAS and the European Envision missions, both scheduled to launch in 2031, do not have the science instruments required to study hydrogen loss from Venus’ upper atmosphere where the DR process occurs. NASA’s DAVINCI probe, also scheduled to launch in 2031, will collect measurements about the pressure, temperature and winds of the atmosphere, but only below 43 miles (70 kilometers).
Confirming the presence of HCO+, and nailing down this phase of Venus’ history, will therefore have to wait a long time.
